During the median follow-up of 13 years, 597 incident diabetes cases were diagnosed. Higher levels of γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (GPT), and aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) were associated with an increased diabetes risk, and current light drinkers had a lower risk of diabetes than nondrinkers. No sex differences were observed in these associations. Compared to nondrinkers having the lowest quartiles of liver enzymes, nondrinkers and current moderate/heavy drinkers having the highest quartiles had an increased risk of diabetes. However, no association was observed for current light drinkers having the highest quartiles of liver enzymes; the multivariable hazard ratios (95% CIs) in current light drinkers with the highest quartile of liver enzymes were 1.27 (0.68-2.37) for GGT, 1.05 (0.59-1.89) for GPT, and 0.76 (0.40-1.47) for GOT, respectively.

High liver enzymes were associated with an increased diabetes risk. No increased diabetes risk was observed in current light drinkers, even in these who had high levels of liver enzymes.

TABLE 2—Adjusted Relative Risk of Type 2 Diabetes According to Quintiles of Intake of Grains Among 75 521 US FemaleNurses Aged 38 to 63 Years at Baseline, 1984–1994aQuintile of Consumption1 2 3 4 5 P for TrendTotal grainCases 392 356 368 358 405Person-years 144 698 144 403 144 438 144 471 144 409RR (95% CI)Model 1: age, energy-adjusted 1.00 0.86 (0.74, 0.99) 0.83 (0.72, 0.97) 0.77 (0.66, 0.90) 0.84 (0.71, 0.99) .13Model 2: multivariate 1.00 0.84 (0.72, 0.97) 0.82 (0.70, 0.96) 0.72 (0.61, 0.85) 0.75 (0.63, 0.89) .005Whole grainCases 426 391 407 320 335Person-years 141 914 147 351 143 856 145 133 144 164RR (95% CI)Model 1: age, energy-adjusted 1.00 0.85 (0.74, 0.98) 0.86 (0.75, 0.99) 0.63 (0.55, 0.73) 0.62 (0.53, 0.71) <.0001Model 2: multivariate 1.00 0.91 (0.79, 1.05) 0.94 (0.82, 1.08) 0.74 (0.64, 0.86) 0.73 (0.63, 0.85) <.0001Refined grainCases 349 369 337 378 446Person-years 144 742 144 817 144 095 144 252 144 512RR (95% CI)Model 1: age, energy-adjusted 1.00 1.08 (0.93, 1.25) 1.01 (0.86, 1.17) 1.12 (0.96, 1.31) 1.31 (1.12, 1.53) .0003Model 2: multivariate 1.00 1.09 (0.94, 1.26) 1.01 (0.86, 1.17) 1.09 (0.92, 1.27) 1.11 (0.94, 1.30) .26Ratio of refined to whole grainCases 320 344 369 410 436Person-years 144 517 144 335 144 400 144 505 144 661RR (95% CI)Model 1: age, energy-adjusted 1.00 1.13 (0.97, 1.31) 1.26 (1.08, 1.47) 1.46 (1.26, 1.69) 1.57 (1.36, 1.82) <.0001Model 2: multivariate 1.00 1.09 (0.93, 1.27) 1.15 (0.99, 1.33) 1.27 (1.09, 1.47) 1.26 (1.08, 1.46) .01Note. RR = relative risk; CI = confidence interval.aMultivariate model 2 includes the following: age (5-year categories); body mass index (6 categories); physical activity (hours per week, in5 categories); cigarette smoking (never, past, and current smoking of 1–14, 15–24, and ≥25 cigarettes per day); alcohol intake (4 categories);family history of diabetes in a first-degree relative (yes or no); use of multivitamins or vitamin E supplements (yes or no); and total energyintake (in quintiles).

The results of a research study indicate that those adults who consume the most sugar-sweetened beverages also have the highest rates of type 2 diabetes. These findings suggest there is a(n) _______ correlation between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and risk for type 2 diabetes.Multiple Choicerandomindirectdirectobservational

If fasting blood glucose levels are 126 mg/dl or higher on two or more tests, an individual may likely have diabetes. 答案选项组TrueFalse

Individuals with type 2 diabetes Group of answer choices have pancreases that produce and secrete very little insulin. have an absolute requirement for insulin injections. may often control their disease by diet and exercise. have normal concentrations of glucose in their blood.