An oncogene:Group of answer choicesis a normal gene found in all cellsis produced by mutation of a proto-oncogeneinhibits cell divisionhelps to regulate cell divisionNext

The set of genes used to regulate the cell cycle are called:Group of answer choicescyclinsoncogenesproto-oncogeneskinases

Prior to cell division, each chromosome replicates so there are two copies of its genetic material. The products are connected by a centromere and are called:Group of answer choicesSister chromosomesSex chromosomesSister chromatidsHomologous chromosomes

It consists of one round of DNA replication and one round of cell division.Group of answer choicesmitosisboth mitosis and meiosisneither mitosis nor meiosismeiosisNext

Cell division that results in the production of gametes is called

18. The following is the guardian of the genome: a. TP53 gene. B. RB gene. c. Bcl2 gene. d. MYC gene. 19. The following are groups of oncogenes EXCEPT: a. Genes Which produce growth factors. b. Genes which produce the growth factor receptors. c. Genes which encode signal transduction. d. Genes which encode products stop cell proliferation. 20. Disordered proliferation of cells is known as: A. Metaplasia. b. Hyperplasia. c. Dysplasia. d. Atrophy. 21. Squamous metaplasia does not occur in the following site: a. Bronchial epithelium in cigarette smokers. b. Gall bladder due to gall stones. C. Lower end of esophagus. d. Urinary bladder epithelium in association with Bilharziasis. 22. Which of the following is FALSE about malignant cachexia: a. Marked weakness and anemia. b. Marked decrease of body fat and lean body mass. c. Cachexia results due to nutritional demands of the tumor. d. Cachexia results from action of cytokines produced by tumor and host macrophages. 23. Normal cellular genes that encode proteins that drive cell proliferation are: a. Proto-oncogenes. b. Oncogenes. c. Tumor suppressor genes. d. Apoptotic genes. 24. Leukoplakia is defined as: a. Transformation of columnar epithelium into squamous. b. Squamous epithelium keratinization. c. Carcinoma in situ of squamous epithelium. d. Benign epithelial tumor. 25.As regard the histological differentiation of malignant tumors a. Anaplastic cells show normal polarity. b. Anaplastic cells show cytologic abnormalities. c. Sarcomas may be graded as well differentiated, moderately differentiated, poorly differentiated & undifferentiated. d. Better differentiated tumors tend to show great cellular anaplasia & grow faster. 26. Embryonic Tumors include the following EXCEPT. a. Neuroblastoma. b. Retinoblastoma. C. Nephroblastoma. d. Choriocarcinoma. 27. Immunohistochemical study of squamous cell carcinoma show strong expression of which of the following tumor markers: a. Vimentin. b. Cytokeratin. c. Alpha feto-protein. d. Calcitonin. 28. The following is a characteristic of carcinoma in situ: architectural orientation (polarity) is not disturbed. a. The b. There is invasion of basement membrane. c. It is a benign condition. d. There is full thickness cellular atypia. 29. Hypertrophy is: a. Disordered atypical non-neoplastic cellular proliferation. b. Increase in the size of the cells. c. Uncontrolled autonomous cell growth d. Increase in the number of the cells. 30. Metaplasia may be a precancerous condition in all EXCEPT: a. Squamous metaplasia of the urinary bladder epithelium. b. Squamous metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium. c. Intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa. d. Apocrine metaplasia in fibrocystic disease of the breast.