Fill in the missing words in the following text about masculinity versus femininity:interpersonal - best - tolerance - comparative - gender - Italy - strict - status -Scandinavian - moneymaking - gender roles - highIn his third dimension, Geert Hofstede distinguishes between two opposite, so to speak“_________________________” characteristics of cultures. On the one hand there are femininecultures, which are primarily characterized by compassion, __________________, social orientationand a certain sympathy for the weaker. The _______________________ are not strictly separated inthese cultures - a man can also cry. An example of a feminine culture is the Dutch culture and the________________________ countries.Caring for ______________________ relationships, equality, solidarity and quality of working life,consideration and modesty, restraint, environmental protection and small-is-beautiful are thereforefeminine values of a dominant culture in which women are also allowed to make their contributionin _________________ positions.Masculine cultures, on the other hand, are more characterized by the “aggressive” traits: only the________________ counts, tolerance and compassion play a secondary role. Gender roles arerelatively ______________ separated. “Typically male” activities - bragging, showing off, visibleachievement of goals, ____________________ or big-is-beautiful are considered important. TheUSA, Japan, Germany and ___________________ are regarded as typical masculine cultures.TTTTFTTFF______________ is especially important in masculine cultures - aggressive sales behaviour at theexpense of others - such as ____________________ American-style advertising is mostly viewednegatively in feminine societies

Choose the right answer:1. Which of the following characteristics does not apply to a masculine society?a. live to work b. failure at school is a disaster c. decisive and assertivebosses d. emphasis is on solidarity and quality of working life2. Which of the following characteristics does not apply to a feminine society?a. no strict separation of gender roles b. social orientation c. profitorientation d. compassion and humility3. Hyperbole, exaggeration, persuasion, dreams, great expectations and comparative advertisingreflect which dimension of Hofstede?a. masculinity b. femininity c. individualism d. collectivism4. Feminine cultures tend to be:a. North American b. Scandinavian c. East Africand. both b and c5. Which of the following countries does not have a feminine society?a. Denmark b. Portugal c. France d. Italy6. Which of the following countries does not have a masculine society?a. Hungary b. Russia c. Austria d. USA7. What does the cultural dimension of masculinity vs. femininity not depend on?a. economic wealth b. religion c. history d. sexuality8. Which of the following heroes does not represent a masculine culture?a. Rasmus Klump b. John Bull c. Uncle Sam D. William Tell9. What is according to Geert Hofstede the Scandinavian representation of a feminine approachregarding education and professional life?a. Hygge b. Lagom c. Janteloven d. Lykke10. What is not a feature of femininity in the family?a. both parents are dominant b. balanced distribution of roles between men andwomen c. parents are responsible for quality of life and interpersonalrelationships d. boys do not cry and will fight back when attacked11. Which of the following is not considered a characteristic of masculinity in school?a. failure at school is disaster b. teachers are more likely to praise weaker studentsc. the best student is the norm in school d. the teacher’s professionalqualifications and academic reputation are very important12. Which of the following is not considered a characteristic of masculinity when shopping?a. status purchases b. more non-fiction books are bought c. more moneyspent on domestic needs d. more families with two cars13. Which of the following is not considered a characteristic of femininity in the workplace?a. conflicts are resolved through a fair fight b. principle of equalityc. work to live d. the service sector is more developed14. Which leadership style is primarily used in countries with a feminine culture?a. paternalistic b. democratic c. autocratic d. laissez faire15. What is highly prized in a masculine culture?a. teamwork b. individual achievement c. emotional expressivenessd. compassion16. What is the focus in a feminine culture?a. competition b. control c. work-life balance d. power17. What is not valued in a masculine culture?a. power b. individualism c. emotional expressiveness d. competition18. What is the main goal in a feminine culture?a. individual growth b. balancing work and personal life c. achievingsuccess through competition d. maintaining control19. In a feminine culture, what is the focus when making decisions?a. consensus b. personal ambition c. power and control d. competition20. In a masculine culture, what is the focus when working with others?a. cooperation b. competition c. collaboration d. independence21. In a feminine culture, what is the focus regarding family responsibilities?a. prioritizing work b. prioritizing family responsibilities c. individualsuccess d. corporate social responsibility22. What is the focus in a masculine culture regarding emotions?a. emotional expressiveness b. emotional control c. emotional detachmentd. emotional suppression.23. What is the focus in a feminine culture regarding education?a. collaboration b. individual achievement c. competitiond. interdependence24. What is the focus in a masculine culture regarding decision-making?a. personal ambition b. consensus c. power and control d. competition

Decide if the following statements about masculinity versus femininity are TRUE or FALSE(Explain your reasoning):1. Masculine cultures prioritize success, assertiveness, and competition.2. Feminine cultures prioritize caring for others, cooperation, and quality of life.3. In a feminine culture, men are expected to focus on work and career.4. Masculine cultures value relationships and cooperation over competition.5. Masculine cultures tend to have a more relaxed and supportive work environment.6. Masculine cultures are more prevalent in Latin American countries.7. The Hanseatic League influenced the development of feminine cultures in north-westernEurope.8. The Old Testament reflects the more tender values of Christianity.9. Masculine cultures value pleasure in lovemaking more than reproductive aspects.10. Masculine cultures have a more analytical approach to shopping.11. In masculine cultures, conflicts are usually solved through compromise and negotiation.12. The Netherlands is a feminine culture with a strong emphasis on DIY carpentry.13. In a masculine culture, teachers place a greater emphasis on grades and performance.14. Masculine cultures value facts and figures more in education.15. Feminine cultures use celebrities more frequently in advertising.16. Representatives of feminine cultures use a lot of superlatives in their communication.17. Masculine cultures tend to demonstrate their strength and success through extravagantpurchases.18. The Law of Jante promotes modesty and equality in feminine cultures.19. Failure in school is seen as less serious in feminine cultures.20. In feminine cultures, teachers’ social skills play a more important role in evaluation.21. In feminine cultures, status purchases are more common than in masculine cultures.22. Masculine cultures tend to have more families with two cars compared to feminine cultures.23. In a feminine culture, the work-life balance is highly emphasized.24. In a masculine culture, equality is emphasized.25. A masculine cultural dimension values efficiency and productivity

When a culture values sex-specific roles for men and women, preferring that men are the wage-earners and decision-makers while women occupy nurturing positions, such as mother and homemaker, they are known as a ____________ culture.Multiple ChoiceLow-power distanceHigh-power-distanceFeminineMasculine

Identify masculinity or femininity in the following examples:1. a woman is offered a promotion to a management position, but declines it because she valueswork-life balance over career advancement2. a man is criticized for showing emotions in a work meeting, as his colleagues’ view emotionalexpressiveness as a negative trait3. a company implements policies that prioritize family-friendly benefits, such as flexible workhours and paid parental leave4. a man is praised for his assertiveness and competitiveness in the workplace5. a man is expected to provide for his family financially, as the breadwinner role is a culturalvalue in society6. a culture that prioritizes emotional intelligence and empathy, leading to a more supportive andinclusive work environment7. the company culture values hierarchy and power8. a man who prioritizes work-life balance is seen as less committed to his career9. a man is criticized for taking on care-giving responsibilities for his family, as it goes againstcultural expectations of the role as provider and protector10. a company values risk-taking and innovation, leading to a fast-paced and dynamic workenvironment11. a woman who takes on a leadership role is expected to adopt traits, such as assertiveness andcompetitiveness, to be taken seriously in the workplace12. a culture that values power and status, leading to a hierarchical and unequal work environment13. a manager promoting aggressive and competitive behaviour in the workplace, makingdecisions based on individual achievement and competition14. a male employee being praised for being empathetic and supportive15. a culture prioritizing environmental sustainability and corporate social responsibilityComparative16. a culture promoting diversity and inclusion in the workplace17. a culture advocating for a strong welfare state and government support for citizens18. a culture valuing technological advancements and innovation19. a culture promoting the responsible use of technology and protection of the environment20. an economy emphasizing profits and growth over social welfare and equality

We examine how two sociological traditions account for the role of femininities in socialdomination. The masculinities tradition theorizes gender as an independent structureof domination; consequently, femininities that complement hegemonic masculinities aretreated as passively compliant in the reproduction of gender. In contrast, Patricia Hill Collinsviews cultural ideals of hegemonic femininity as simultaneously raced, classed, and gendered.This intersectional perspective allows us to recognize women striving to approximatehegemonic cultural ideals of femininity as actively complicit in reproducing a matrix ofdomination. We argue that hegemonic femininities reference a powerful location in thematrix from which some women draw considerable individual benefits (i.e., a femininitypremium) while shoring up collective benefits along other dimensions of advantage. In theprocess, they engage in intersectional domination of other women and even some men.Our analysis re-enforces the utility of analyzing femininities and masculinities from withinan intersectional feminist framework.Keywordsgender, femininities, masculinities, social inequality, intersectionalityThe Root, an online magazine of Black news, opinions, politics, and culture, published anarticle by writer Michael Harriot in 2017 defining “Becky” as “a white woman who uses herprivilege as a weapon, a ladder or an excuse” (Harriot 2017). He argued that “White woman-hood is a credit card with an unlimited balance. After all, if you are born with the ultimateprivilege of white womanhood, why not use it to your advantage?” Becky also made anappearance in Beyoncé’s 2016 song “Sorry,” in which she calls out “Becky with the goodhair.” Abigail Fisher, plaintiff in the 2016 anti-affirmative action case Fisher v. University ofTexas, was anointed “Becky with the bad grades” (Pettit 2016). Becky, and the earliercolloquial designation of “Miss Ann,” succinctly capture the idea that white women’s racismis gendered.1,21University of California-Merced, Merced, CA, USA2University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA3Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA4University of Maine, Orono, MECorresponding Author:Laura T. Hamilton, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA.Email: [email protected]/0735275119888248Sociological TheoryHamilton et al.research-article2019