The adoption of the mamluk* institutions by the Abbasids was followed almost immediately by [the] . . . disintegration of the state. . . . The disintegration of the Abbasid state was an intensely painful process in which it seemed at times as if the very venture of Islam was coming to an end, like that of Alexander the Great before it. . . . Indeed, that Islam was soon to disappear was the very premise upon which the [Shi‘ite] revolutionaries held out their promise of a moral and material recovery: nothing less . . . could now save the marriage between religion and power to which the Islamic [state] owed its existence.”*an Arabic term designating an enslaved person, in this case, a slave soldier of Turkic originPatricia Crone, Danish-American historian of Islamic history, Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity, 1980QuestionDespite the disintegration of the Abbasid Caliphate, Islam continued to spread across Afro-Eurasia in the period 1200–1450 primarily because of which of the following?ResponsesThe conquest of the Christian Crusader States in the LevantThe conquest of the Christian Crusader States in the LevantThe activities of Sufi missionariesThe activities of Sufi missionariesThe voyages of the Muslim eunuch Zheng HeThe voyages of the Muslim eunuch Zheng HeThe translation activities of Muslim scholars

The combination between religious and political aspects in the Abbasid state’s concept of governance is best reflected in which of the following?ResponsesThe Abbasid state had an influential Sunni religious class that often came into conflict with the state.The Abbasid state had an influential Sunni religious class that often came into conflict with the state.The Abbasid state often allowed local rulers considerable autonomy.The Abbasid state often allowed local rulers considerable autonomy.The Abbasid state patronized the construction of religious buildings such as mosques.The Abbasid state patronized the construction of religious buildings such as mosques.The Abbasid state was headed by a caliph who was both the state’s supreme religious and political leader.

Before answering the question, read the following excerpt.The movement led by Muhammad and those who succeeded him, however it is to be identified, was a religious one, or more precisely had important religious components, and those components had considerable force. (...) The monotheism preached by Muhammad was of central importance, since it both demanded a radical break from the polytheism of pre-Islamic Arabia... and provided a channel for dialogue with Near Eastern Judaism and Christianity. More importantly, Muhammad’s religious message had social and political implications, which were reflected most acutely in Umar’s establishment of the diwan. [The ranking system based on tribal identity and role in the new Islamic community.]From Jonathan Berkey's The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800Which of the following best describes the development of new faith traditions?Choose 1 answer:Choose 1 answer:(Choice A)   They almost always require a radical break with one previous religionAThey almost always require a radical break with one previous religion(Choice B)   They arise independently, rejecting outside influences and inventing new doctrinesBThey arise independently, rejecting outside influences and inventing new doctrines(Choice C)   They almost always start with a rejection of polytheistic religions CThey almost always start with a rejection of polytheistic religions(Choice D)   They develop in concert with the faiths around them, rejecting elements of some, and picking up cultural influences of others as new converts join DThey develop in concert with the faiths around them, rejecting elements of some, and picking up cultural influences of others as new converts join

Why did the Abbasid Empiremove the capital to Baghdad?Give two reasons.

What was one of the reasons Christianity had not been more successful in reaching the Arab peoples prior to the rise of Islam?

How were later Muslim Empiresdifferent from the four caliphswho ruled after the death ofMuhammad? How were theysimilar?